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Finally, in early 1917, Germany adopted a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, realising the Americans would eventually enter the war. The U-boat threat lessened in 1917, when merchant ships began travelling in convoys, escorted by destroyers. This tactic made it difficult for U-boats to find targets, which significantly lessened losses; after the hydrophone and depth charges were introduced, destroyers could potentially successfully attack a submerged submarine. Germany sought to strangle Allied sea lanes before the United States – websites – could transport a large army overseas, but, after initial successes, eventually failed to do so.

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The battles lasted from 22 July to 3 September and eventually, the Romanian army was victorious advancing 500 km2. Although approved by Parliament, King Ferdinand I refused to sign it, hoping for an Allied victory in the west. Following the Russian revolution, Romania found itself alone on the Eastern Front and signed the Treaty of Bucharest with the Central Powers, which recognised Romanian sovereignty over Bessarabia in return for ceding control of passes in the Carpathian Mountains to Austria-Hungary and leasing its oil wells to Germany for 99 years. August von Mackensen could not plan for another offensive as he had to transfer troops to the Italian Front. Romania re-entered the war on 10 November 1918 on the side of the Allies.

Marks, Sally (1978). “The Myths of Reparations”. Medlicott, W.N. (1945). “Bismarck and the Three Emperors’ Alliance, 1881-87”. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. Martel, Gordon (2014). The Month that Changed the World: July 1914. OUP. McMeekin, Sean (2014). July 1914: Countdown to War. Co. : Bonanza Books : Distributed by Crown Publishers. McLellan, Edwin N. The United States Marine Corps in the World War. Meyer, Gerald J (2006). A World Undone: The Story of the Great War 1914 to 1918. Random House. Marshall, S. L. A.; Josephy, Alvin M. (1982). The American heritage history of World War I. American Heritage Pub.

Absolute figures are difficult to calculate due to differences in categorising expenditure since they often omit civilian infrastructure projects like railways which also had logistical importance and military use. It is known, however, that from 1908 to 1913, military spending by the six major European powers increased by over 50% in real terms. The years before 1914 were marked by a series of crises in the Balkans, as other powers sought to benefit from the Ottoman decline.